By Vigdis Hocken
A year is divided into 12 months in the modern-day Gregorian calendar. The months are either 28, 29, 30, or 31 days long.
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Each month has either 28, 30, or 31 days during a common year, which has 365 days. During leap years, which occur nearly every 4 years, we add an extra (intercalary) day, Leap Day, on 29 February, making leap years 366 days long.
This is to keep our current calendar aligned with the solar year and astronomical seasons marked by equinoxes and solstices.
The 12 Months
The Gregorian calendar consists of the following 12 months:
- January - 31 days
- February - 28 days in a common year and 29 days in leap years
- March - 31 days
- April - 30 days
- May - 31 days
- June - 30 days
- July - 31 days
- August - 31 days
- September - 30 days
- October - 31 days
- November - 30 days
- December - 31 days
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Tracking the Moon's Orbit
The months originated as a way to mark time and break up the year into shorter periods based on the Moon’s orbit around Earth. The word month is even derived from the word Moon.
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As far as we know, months were first used in Mesopotamia sometime between the years 500 BCE and 400 BCE to measure the natural period related to the lunar month, or synodic month, which is the time it takes for the Moon to go through all the Moon phases.
How Many Have 28, 29, 30, or 31 Days?
The Gregorian calendar has 4 months that are 30 days long and 7 months that are 31 days long. February is the only month that is 28 days long in common years and 29 days long in leap years.
From 10 to 12 Months
Our current Gregorian calendar and its predecessor, the Julian calendar, both have 12 months. However, the month names we use today are derived from the Roman calendar, which initially had only 10 months, with the calendar year starting in March (Martius).
The Romans named some of the months after their position in the calendar year: September means the 7th month, October the 8th, November the 9th, and December the 10th month. However, when January and February were eventually added and the beginning of the calendar year was moved to January, the position of these months no longer corresponded with the original meaning of their names. Today, we still call the 9th month of the year September, the 7th month.
The Islamic calendar, the Hebrew calendar, and the Hindu calendar also use months to divide up the year. Although the Gregorian calendar is the most commonly used calendar today, other calendars are still used in many parts of the world to calculate certain holidays and annual feasts.
Old Names of Months
Months in the ancient Roman calendar include:
- Mercedonius - an occasional month after February that would be used to realign the Roman calendar. Today we use Leap Day for this alignment.
- Quintilis - renamed July in honor of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE.
- Sextilis - renamed August in honor of Roman Emperor Augustus in 8 BCE.
This Day in History: March 2
Take a look at all of the important historical events that took place on March 2nd.
On this day, March 2 …
2018: At a funeral before an invitation-only crowd of approximately 2,000 in Charlotte, N.C., the children of the Rev. Billy Graham remember “America’s Pastor” as a man devoted to spreading the Gospel and one who practiced what he preached.
Also on this day:
- 1793: Sam Houston, an influential leader in the Texas Revolution and the first and third president of the Republic of Texas, is born near Lexington, Va.
- 1836: The Republic of Texas formally declares its independence from Mexico.
- 1877: Republican Rutherford B. Hayes is declared the winner of the 1876 presidential election over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, even though Tilden wins the popular vote.
- 1917: Puerto Ricans are granted U.S. citizenship as President Woodrow Wilson signs the Jones-Shafroth Act.
- 1933: The motion picture “King Kong” has its world premiere at New York City’s Radio City Music Hall and the Roxy.
- 1939: Roman Catholic Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli is elected pope; he takes the name Pius XII.
- 1939: The Massachusetts legislature votes to ratify the Bill of Rights, 147 years after the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution went into effect. (Georgia and Connecticut would soon follow.) Reverend Billy Graham preaches to an estimated crowd of 25,000 in Baltimore, Md. on June 10, 1981. (Photo by Lucian Perkins/The Washington Post via Getty Images)
- 1943: During World War II, the three-day Battle of the Bismarck Sea begins in the southwest Pacific.
- 1962: Wilt Chamberlain scores 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors against the New York Knicks, an NBA record that still stands. (Philadelphia wins, 169-147.)
- 1978: The remains of comedian Charles Chaplin are stolen by extortionists from his grave in Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
- 1985: The government approves a screening test for AIDS that detects antibodies to the virus, allowing possibly contaminated blood to be excluded from the blood supply.
- 1989: Representatives from the 12 European Community nations agree to ban all production of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), the synthetic compounds blamed for destroying the Earth’s ozone layer, by the end of the 20th century.
- 1990: More than 6,000 drivers go on strike against Greyhound Lines Inc.
- 1995: The internet search engine website Yahoo! is incorporated by founders Jerry Yang and David Filo.
- 2009: President Barack Obama introduces Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius as his choice to be secretary of health and human services.
- 2014: “12 Years a Slave” wins for best picture at the 86th annual Academy Awards; one of its stars, Lupita Nyong’o, wins the Oscar for best supporting actress. Matthew McConaughey wins for best actor for “Dallas Buyers Club” while Cate Blanchett takes best actress honors for “Blue Jasmine”; Alfonso Cuaron gets best director for “Gravity.”